2. Wear The Earth

2. Wear The Earth

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In general, Mo2FeB2-based cermets are synthesized by reactive boronization sintering, Yu et al. [10,11] have obtained Mo2FeB2-based cermets using the sintering process and pointed out that sintering temperature can influence the morphology of the Mo2FeB2 phase. In addition, the effect of alloying elements on their densification behavior, microstructure and properties have been systematically investigated [12,13,14,15]. However, it is worth mentioning that expensive equipment and complex processes would increase costs and limit applications of Mo2FeB2-based cermet. At the same time, the preparation of Mo2FeB2-based claddings using welding techniques has rarely been studied. Welding has its own advantages such as simple operation and low costs contrasted with the sintering process. However, Mo2FeB2 growing from weld pool makes Mo2FeB2 have a large size and many problems such as insufficient hardness, large brittleness and poor wear resistance.

After welding, the cladding was cut into a typical cross section. Then, the samples were ground with abrasive papers and polished by 1.5 μm diamond paste before observation. Subsequently, the specimens were etched using a mixed acid solution (HF: 20 vol.%, HCL: 30 vol.%, HNO3: 50 vol.%) within 1214 s. The microstructure was studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JSM-6600V, Japanese electronics company, Tokyo, Japan) in backscattered electron (BSE) mode. While analysis of the chemical composition of both the hard-phase and eutectic matrix was performed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) linked to SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD) line profiles were measured using an x-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154056 nm) and the scanning rate was set as 8/min with a scan step of 0.02. Phase fraction and grain size were measured by Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (IPP 6.0) software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, America). In addition, electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA-JXA-8530F PLUS, Japanese electronics company, Tokyo, Japan) was employed to investigate the existence and distribution of rare-earth Ce, Y elements in the Mo2FeB2 claddings.

Figure 3 shows the typical microstructure with different RE contents. The cladding is mainly composed of white hard phases and eutectic structure and the RE content has distinct influence on the microstructure of claddings. The number of white hard phases of cladding with RE contents remarkably increases compared with the cladding without RE content. Moreover, the hard phases in cladding are significantly refined when the RE content is 2%. As the RE contents increase, the hard phases begin to grow coarse. When the RE content arrives at 8%, the hard phases are so coarse that some of them connect to each other. This is because the nucleation rate of the system will increase as the content of rare-earth elements increases [23]. At the same time, according to the dissolution and diffusion mechanism [24], small hard-phase particles dissolve during the arc thermal cycle and Mo and B precipitate on the originally coarse Mo2FeB2 hard particles, which serve as nucleation centers and gradually grow to connect to each other. Moreover, the composition of hard phase and eutectic structure of the cladding with 2% RE content were analyzed by EDS. The results of EDS are listed in Table 4. It should be noted that the B content were not accurate because of the insensitivity of EDS to B element. Point 1 and point 2 in Figure 3b are used for spot scans of the hard phases and eutectic structure, respectively. From Table 4, it was found that there was Mo, Fe, Cr and B in the hard phase and eutectic structure. However, it obviously showed that Mo content was enriched in white hard phases, and Fe content was concentrated in the eutectic structure. Combining with XRD and EDS results, the white hard phases are Mo2FeB2 and M3B2 complex boride type.

The addition of Ce, Y active elements reduce solid-liquid interfacial tension (σLS). According to Equation (1), the nucleation work ΔG also decreases. Therefore, more and more liquid atoms reach the nucleation work through energy fluctuations, which improves the nucleation rate N according to Equation (2). In addition, during solidification of weld pool, rare-earth Y is enriched in the front of the solid-liquid interface due to the limitation of diffusion [31], the inter metallic compounds with high points containing rare-earth Y are dispersed at grain boundaries [31], which hinders the growth of the Mo2FeB2 nucleus and refines the Mo2FeB2 grain size. At the same time, Ce, Y active elements increase the fluidity of the liquid metal [32] and reduce the component supercooling during solidification as well as decrease the component segregation [33] to homogenize the structure.

Schematic diagram of rare-earth action mechanism. (a) Nucleation process of Mo2FeB2; (b) Diffusion process of Y element; (c) Formation process of surface-active film; (d) Enrichment behavior of Mo, Fe and B atoms; (e) Reformation process of Mo2FeB2 particles; (f) Reformation process of surface-active film; (g) Reformation process of Mo2FeB2 particles; (h) Growth process of Mo2FeB2 hard phase; (i) Final microstructure.

Figure 11 shows the relationship curves between the wear weight-loss and wear time with different RE content and sintered samples. The wear weight-loss of claddings with 0% and 2% RE content have a tendency to gradually increase and the former is significantly higher than the latter. This is because the addition of rare-earth elements forms the more ternary borides Mo2FeB2, which serves as a wear-resistant framework and effectively ensures the wear resistance of the deposited metal. At the same time, there is enough Fe-based solid solution in the cladding, which guarantees sufficient hardness in the material with certain toughness. The advantages of the two sides are fully combined to improve the wear resistance of the cladding. However, when the RE content is 0%, the amount of ternary boride Mo2FeB2 is insufficient (the area fraction of is 59%) and the grain size of Mo2FeB2 hard phase is relatively coarse (the grain size of is 16.52 μm). Thus, the increase of wear weight-loss is larger as wear progresses. When the RE content is 8%, although there is enough ternary boride as wear-resistant framework, an excessive amount of ternary boride Mo2FeB2 formed (the area fraction of is 74%) and part of the Mo2FeB2 hard phases adhered and segregated with each other as well as in a heterogeneous distribution (Figure 3d), which easily caused Mo2FeB2 hard phases to fall off during the wear process and aggravated the wear process in turn. Compared with the cladding with 0% and 8% RE content, sufficient ternary boride Mo2FeB2 (the area fraction of is 72%) is finely and uniformly distributed in the cladding (the average grain size is 4.78 μm) when the RE content is 2%, thereby showing excellent wear resistance (2.4 mg). Figure 11b shows the comparison of the wear weight-loss between the sintered sample and cladding with 2% RE content. The wear weight-loss of the sintered sample is 1.6 mg after 60 min while the counterpart of cladding with 2% RE content is 2.4 mg, which is about 70% of the wear resistance of the sintered sample.

Wear weight-loss of claddings with different RE contents and sintered sample. (a) Wear weight-loss of claddings with different RE contents; (b) comparison of the wear weight-loss between the sintered sample and cladding with 2% RE content.

Since brown is the anchor of the earth tone color palette, it makes sense to have your larger garment be the foundation to anchor it all together. This color palette is inherently more casual, so it makes sense to include it in ensembles that are more casual by design.

Taking this a step further would be to have a full suit ensemble consisting of either brown or olive. Both of these colors were, at one point, commonplace during The Golden Age of Menswear, but have since become much more obscure in most modern men suiting today.

Now, wearing a brown suit and either a charcoal brown, a pinstriped, or a tobacco brown, or even an olive suit will carry a much more rustic nature. This will serve you well in creating lower contrast looks consisting of earth tones.

These can also be paired with blue, cream, and off-white colored shirts and can pair with green, purple, and orange accessories particularly well. The earth tones create that harmonious look where elements of the colors are found within the brown itself.

A more affordable way to start incorporating earth tones into your outfits is to focus on the accessories that have a lot of earth tones within them. This can be done with outfits that might not seem like they have a lot of room for earth tones, to begin with. For example, adding a green tie to a navy or gray suit or an orange tie can make any outfit look a little less formal. Other elements that can create this effect are pairing elements of purple and green, yellow and blue, red, pink, and green.

Mid-brown dress shoes will have the largest amount of variety followed right behind by light brown dress shoes. You could also explore getting suede dress shoes in brown or blue if you frequently wear more casual ensembles.

One underrated element where you can include more earth tones is in your sweaters. This can include something like a crew neck or v-neck sweater or even a turtleneck. This works well since they serve as a neutral base to help tone down any louder patterns and help ground your outfit.

It might be tempting to go for foundational colors in menswear like black, gray, and blue, and even stick to just one of those basic hues for an entire look! Make your looks more dynamic by introducing colors into your outfit, such as earth tones. They are a great way to start, without risking looking too bold, and when done right, the colors of nature can bring out a naturally stylish outfit overall. 781b155fdc